Investing in communication towers

What Are Communications Towers?

Communications towers are structures designed to hold communications equipment for wireless applications, including mobile telephony, television, radio and public safety communications networks. The towers are typically owned and operated by dedicated companies. These companies generate income primarily through leasing shared tower space to telecommunications providers, such as Verizon and Vodafone. This makes the tower companies effectively an owner of a difficult-to-replicate asset.

Why Are Communications Towers Considered an Infrastructure Asset? 

For an asset to meet Magellan's definition of infrastructure, it must satisfy certain criteria:

1. Essential to the Efficient Functioning of a Community

With an increasing need for mobile connectivity to support a growing number of devices we use on a daily basis, communications towers serve as the backbone to the efficient functioning of modern society.

Communications towers allow wireless carriers to provide mobile wireless services to consumers irrespective of economic market conditions. 

2. Earnings Are Not Sensitive to Competition, Commodity Price Movements or Sovereign Risk

Towers typically generate reliable earnings for a number of reasons:

> Limited competition:

•  Long-term customer contracts (typically about 10 years) with built-in fixed price escalators.
•  High switching costs for customers, as moving transmission equipment between towers requires a network redesign, risks disruption to subscribers and incurs a significant cost of physically relocating the equipment. Therefore, the number of customers not renewing contracts is low (1-2% on our estimates).
• It is difficult to build new towers, given regulatory and social hurdles (i.e. nobody wants a large tower in their backyard).
• There is minimal overlap between the competing tower providers’ footprints.

> Towers are typically unregulated and hence face limited sovereign and regulatory risk.

> Towers are not exposed to commodity prices or cycles.

> Telecommunications providers base their multi-year network investment plans on the expected long-term growth in mobile data traffic.

> The majority of tower revenue in any given year is secured through long-term customer contracts.

Types of Communications Towers

Where Do Towers Fit Within an Infrastructure Portfolio?

Tower companies offer investors an opportunity to diversify their infrastructure exposure to the communications sector. Tower installations are essential to the functioning of the growing range of wireless communications devices with minimal incremental costs to providing additional capacity. Their revenues are typically generated through long-term contracts that are structured to grow in line with the underlying costs of operation and adjusted for inflation. The consumption- based nature of wireless communications also provides a link to population growth and future advances in technology.

What Are the Key Revenue Drivers?

A communications tower company’s revenue is driven by the number of towers it owns and operates, the number of tenants per tower, existing tenants adding further equipment and the impact of contracted price escalators. Given the surging growth in global wireless data traffic, which is growing at approximately 50%-plus per annum², telecommunications providers need to continue investing to increase their capacity, which means more equipment on more towers. This has resulted in more tenants per tower and more revenue per tenant for tower companies. In addition, tower companies have also been able to increase the number of towers in their portfolio through new construction and acquisitions, particularly in many international markets. 
_{2 Per Cisco VNI forecast for 2017-2022.}

What Are the Key Costs?

The main cost for communication 
tower companies is payments for the land under the towers. The carriers 
own the transmission equipment and are responsible for the installation, maintenance and operation of that equipment. Because the tower costs are largely fixed, each incremental tenant or piece of equipment added to the tower generates a significant incremental profit margin (90%-plus). 

Once a communications tower is constructed, there is minimal required maintenance expenditure and the structure is built with an expected usable life of over 40 years. Tower providers can make modifications to towers to accommodate additional tenants and equipment, with investment costs shared with the tenant and payback periods of one to two years.

What Are the Risks to the Sector?

There are two key risks to the sector:

1. Alternative Structure

In urban settings, telecommunications providers are increasing their capacity further through network densification (i.e. putting cell transmission sites closer together). They are achieving this by placing antennas on street lights and utility poles. Collectively, these are called ‘small cells’. Towers provide the ubiquitous coverage, while small cells help service hotspots with high wireless traffic demand. 

We believe these small cells are complementary rather than substitutes to towers due to the limitations of small cells transmission and relatively high costs. Outside urban settings, there is limited usage of small cells as towers remain far more economical.

2. Carrier Merger Risks

Communications towers are exposed to carrier merger risks. When one telecommunications provider acquires another, it may remove redundant transmission equipment from towers. However, the impact is usually spread over several years rather than immediately following a merger, given the time required to integrate wireless networks and the long-term nature of tower contracts.